Перевод: со всех языков на английский

с английского на все языки

first workings

  • 1 нарезные работы

    Русско-английский политехнический словарь > нарезные работы

  • 2 подготовительные работы

    1) General subject: development
    10) Makarov: activities
    11) Gold mining: development (подготовка горного участка или района для проведения исследования рудного), expense, stope development

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > подготовительные работы

  • 3 нарезные работы

    1) Geology: first mining

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > нарезные работы

  • 4 нарезные работоспособный

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > нарезные работоспособный

  • 5 подготовительные работоспособный

    2) Mining: first workings

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > подготовительные работоспособный

  • 6 подготовительные работы

    cleanup activities, first workings горн.

    Русско-английский политехнический словарь > подготовительные работы

  • 7 Technik

    f; -, -en
    1. nur Sg. (Technologie) technology; angewandte: meist engineering, applied technology; Studienfach: engineering; die moderne Technik modern ( oder today’s) technology; hoch entwickelte Technik advanced ( oder high) technology; Technik ist angewandte Wissenschaft technology is science in action ( oder at work); nach den anerkannten Regeln der Technik in accordance with the (well-known) laws of engineering; von Technik verstehe ich gar nichts I don’t know the first thing about technical matters, I’m hopeless with anything technical ( oder when it comes to technical things); Stand 2
    2. (Methode, Verfahren) technique (auch KUNST, SPORT etc.), method, procedure, routine; hoch entwickelte oder verfeinerte Techniken advanced techniques
    3. nur Sg.; SPORT, KUNST (Können) technique, technical ability, mastery; er verfügt über eine hervorragende Technik he has superb technique ( oder prodigious technical ability)
    4. nur Sg. (technische Ausrüstung) technology, technical resources Pl. ( oder equipment); eine Firma mit modernster Technik a company using state-of-the-art technology
    5. nur Sg. (technische Beschaffenheit einer Maschine etc.) mechanics Pl., operation
    6. nur Sg. (Abteilung) technical department, engineering side umg.; jemanden von der Technik rufen send for one of the technical people
    * * *
    die Technik
    technology; technics; science; technique
    * * *
    Tẹch|nik ['tɛçnɪk]
    f -, -en
    1) (no pl = Technologie) technology; (esp als Studienfach) engineering

    das Zeitalter der Technik — the technological age, the age of technology

    2) (= Arbeitsweise, Verfahren) technique

    die Technik des Dramas/der Musik — dramatic/musical techniques

    3) (no pl = Funktionsweise und Aufbau) (von Auto, Motor etc) mechanics pl
    4) (SCH = Schulfach) (= Haushaltslehre) home economics; (= Werken) technical studies
    5) (inf = technische Abteilung) technical department, back-room boys pl (inf)
    6) (Aus inf = Technische Hochschule) institute of technology
    * * *
    die
    1) (the ways in which something works or is applied: the mechanics of the legal system.) mechanic
    2) (the way in which a (usually skilled) process is, or should be, carried out: They admired the pianist's faultless technique.) technique
    * * *
    Tech·nik
    <-, -en>
    [ˈteçnɪk]
    f
    1. kein pl (Technologie) technology
    auf dem neuesten Stand der \Technik state-of-the-art technology
    2. kein pl (technische Ausstattung) technical equipment
    mit modernster \Technik ausgestattet equipped with the most modern technology
    3. kein pl (technische Konstruktion) technology
    4. (besondere Methode) technique
    jeder Hochspringer hat seine eigene \Technik every high jumper has his own technique
    5. inv (fam: technische Abteilung) technical department
    6. ÖSTERR (technische Hochschule) college of technology
    * * *
    die; Technik, Techniken
    1) o. Pl. technology; (Studienfach) engineering no art.
    2) o. Pl. (Ausrüstung) equipment; machinery
    3) (Arbeitsweise, Verfahren) technique
    4) o. Pl. (eines Gerätes) workings pl
    * * *
    Technik f; -, -en
    1. nur sg (Technologie) technology; angewandte: meist engineering, applied technology; Studienfach: engineering;
    die moderne Technik modern ( oder today’s) technology;
    hoch entwickelte Technik advanced ( oder high) technology;
    Technik ist angewandte Wissenschaft technology is science in action ( oder at work);
    nach den anerkannten Regeln der Technik in accordance with the (well-known) laws of engineering;
    von Technik verstehe ich gar nichts I don’t know the first thing about technical matters, I’m hopeless with anything technical ( oder when it comes to technical things); → Stand 2
    2. (Methode, Verfahren) technique ( auch KUNST, SPORT etc), method, procedure, routine;
    verfeinerte Techniken advanced techniques
    3. nur sg; SPORT, KUNST (Können) technique, technical ability, mastery;
    er verfügt über eine hervorragende Technik he has superb technique ( oder prodigious technical ability)
    4. nur sg (technische Ausrüstung) technology, technical resources pl ( oder equipment);
    eine Firma mit modernster Technik a company using state-of-the-art technology
    5. nur sg (technische Beschaffenheit einer Maschine etc) mechanics pl, operation
    6. nur sg (Abteilung) technical department, engineering side umg;
    jemanden von der Technik rufen send for one of the technical people
    * * *
    die; Technik, Techniken
    1) o. Pl. technology; (Studienfach) engineering no art.
    2) o. Pl. (Ausrüstung) equipment; machinery
    3) (Arbeitsweise, Verfahren) technique
    4) o. Pl. (eines Gerätes) workings pl
    * * *
    -en f.
    engineering n.
    technics n.
    technique n.
    technology n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Technik

  • 8 aviso

    m.
    1 warning (advertencia, amenaza).
    andar sobre aviso to be on the alert
    estar sobre aviso to be forewarned
    poner sobre aviso a alguien to warn somebody
    ¡que te sirva de aviso! let that be a warning to you!
    aviso de bomba bomb warning
    2 notice.
    hasta nuevo aviso until further notice
    llegó sin previo aviso he arrived without warning
    último aviso para los pasajeros del vuelo IB 257 last call for passengers of flight IB 257
    3 advertisement, advert. ( Latin American Spanish)
    4 ad, commercial, advertisement, advert.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: avisar.
    * * *
    2 (advertencia) warning
    \
    andar/estar sobre aviso (estar atento) to be on the alert, keep one's eyes open 2 (estar enterado) to know what's going on, be in on it 3 (estar avisado) to have been warned
    hasta nuevo aviso until further notice
    mandar aviso to send word
    poner sobre aviso to forewarn
    sin previo aviso without prior notice
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=notificación) notice

    Aviso: cerrado el lunes — Notice: closed Mondays

    dar aviso a algn de algo — to notify o inform sb of sth

    2) (=advertencia) warning
    3) (Com, Econ) demand note

    según (su) aviso — as per order, as ordered

    4) (Inform) prompt
    5) esp LAm (Com) advertisement

    aviso mural — poster, wall poster

    avisos limitados — Col classified advertisements

    * * *
    1)
    a) ( notificación) notice

    dio aviso a la policía — he notified o informed the police

    último aviso para los pasajeros... — last call for passengers...

    b) ( advertencia) warning

    sobre aviso: estás sobre aviso you've been warned; me puso sobre aviso de lo que ocurriría — he warned me what would happen

    c) (Cin, Teatr) bell
    d) (Taur) warning
    2) (AmL) (anuncio, cartel) advertisement, ad
    •
    * * *
    = word of caution, announcement, notice, reminder notice, warning, word of warning, follow-up, reminder, cautionary note, cautionary word, alert, heads up, wake-up call.
    Ex. Finally a word of caution: do not expect too much.
    Ex. Printed current awareness bulletins may be produced from similar facilities to those in above, except that here the announcement will relate only to newly added items.
    Ex. Notices may be useful in this context for the user who wishes to familiarise himself with the workings of the catalogue before approaching a terminal.
    Ex. The circulation staff also looks after overdues -- sending out reminder notices, making follow-up telephone calls, etc..
    Ex. No, he was not one to take off like a deer at the first warning of certain dangers.
    Ex. One word of warning before starting: products, concepts, applications of information technology are currently in a state of rapid evolution.
    Ex. The circulation staff also looks after overdues -- sending out reminder notices, making follow-up telephone calls, etc..
    Ex. A constant reminder that, these days, retrospective bibliography and technology are hand in hand is the realization that all of the items listed in both Pollard and Redgrave and Wing are available to purchase in microform editions.
    Ex. The different standards involved are described with cautionary notes on their limitations and the balance between standardisation and innovation.
    Ex. The article 'A few cautionary words about electronic publishing' argues that advances in microform technology have obviously fallen far behind their potential.
    Ex. The author reviews a number of Web sites that offer product warnings and business scam alerts.
    Ex. The article is entitled ' Heads up: confronting the selection and access issues of electronic journals'.
    Ex. These incidents should serve as a wake-up call for libraries planning a move.
    ----
    * aviso de advertencia = warning label.
    * aviso de encuadernación = binding trigger.
    * aviso de vencimiento = overdue notice.
    * aviso para los aviadores = NOTAM (Notice for Airmen).
    * casi sin previo aviso = without much notice.
    * dar un aviso = make + warning.
    * hasta nuevo aviso = until further notice.
    * luz de aviso = warning light.
    * mensaje de aviso = warning message.
    * piloto de aviso = warning light.
    * poner sobre aviso = alert to.
    * poner una señal de aviso = post + a warning, post + a warning sign.
    * señal de aviso = early warning signal, warning sign, warning signal.
    * señal de aviso de incendio = fire warning.
    * sin aviso previo = without warning.
    * sin previo aviso = unannounced, without warning, without notice, without prior notice, without prior notification, on spec, at the drop of a hat, without (any) further notice.
    * sistema de aviso de reclamaciones = claims warning system.
    * temporizador de aviso = egg timer.
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( notificación) notice

    dio aviso a la policía — he notified o informed the police

    último aviso para los pasajeros... — last call for passengers...

    b) ( advertencia) warning

    sobre aviso: estás sobre aviso you've been warned; me puso sobre aviso de lo que ocurriría — he warned me what would happen

    c) (Cin, Teatr) bell
    d) (Taur) warning
    2) (AmL) (anuncio, cartel) advertisement, ad
    •
    * * *
    = word of caution, announcement, notice, reminder notice, warning, word of warning, follow-up, reminder, cautionary note, cautionary word, alert, heads up, wake-up call.

    Ex: Finally a word of caution: do not expect too much.

    Ex: Printed current awareness bulletins may be produced from similar facilities to those in above, except that here the announcement will relate only to newly added items.
    Ex: Notices may be useful in this context for the user who wishes to familiarise himself with the workings of the catalogue before approaching a terminal.
    Ex: The circulation staff also looks after overdues -- sending out reminder notices, making follow-up telephone calls, etc..
    Ex: No, he was not one to take off like a deer at the first warning of certain dangers.
    Ex: One word of warning before starting: products, concepts, applications of information technology are currently in a state of rapid evolution.
    Ex: The circulation staff also looks after overdues -- sending out reminder notices, making follow-up telephone calls, etc..
    Ex: A constant reminder that, these days, retrospective bibliography and technology are hand in hand is the realization that all of the items listed in both Pollard and Redgrave and Wing are available to purchase in microform editions.
    Ex: The different standards involved are described with cautionary notes on their limitations and the balance between standardisation and innovation.
    Ex: The article 'A few cautionary words about electronic publishing' argues that advances in microform technology have obviously fallen far behind their potential.
    Ex: The author reviews a number of Web sites that offer product warnings and business scam alerts.
    Ex: The article is entitled ' Heads up: confronting the selection and access issues of electronic journals'.
    Ex: These incidents should serve as a wake-up call for libraries planning a move.
    * aviso de advertencia = warning label.
    * aviso de encuadernación = binding trigger.
    * aviso de vencimiento = overdue notice.
    * aviso para los aviadores = NOTAM (Notice for Airmen).
    * casi sin previo aviso = without much notice.
    * dar un aviso = make + warning.
    * hasta nuevo aviso = until further notice.
    * luz de aviso = warning light.
    * mensaje de aviso = warning message.
    * piloto de aviso = warning light.
    * poner sobre aviso = alert to.
    * poner una señal de aviso = post + a warning, post + a warning sign.
    * señal de aviso = early warning signal, warning sign, warning signal.
    * señal de aviso de incendio = fire warning.
    * sin aviso previo = without warning.
    * sin previo aviso = unannounced, without warning, without notice, without prior notice, without prior notification, on spec, at the drop of a hat, without (any) further notice.
    * sistema de aviso de reclamaciones = claims warning system.
    * temporizador de aviso = egg timer.

    * * *
    A
    [ S ] aviso al público notice to the public, public notice
    alguien dio aviso a la policía someone notified o informed the police, someone reported it to the police
    llegó sin previo aviso he arrived without prior warning o unexpectedly o out of the blue
    hasta nuevo aviso until further notice
    último aviso para los pasajeros … last call for passengers …
    2 (advertencia) warning
    sobre aviso: estás sobre aviso you've been warned
    me puso sobre aviso de lo que ocurriría he warned me what would happen
    3 ( Cin, Teatr) bell
    4 ( Taur) warning
    Compuesto:
    remittance advice
    B ( AmL) (anuncio, cartel) advertisement, ad, advert ( BrE)
    Compuestos:
    classified advertisement
    death notice
    ● aviso oportuno or de ocasión
    * * *

     

    Del verbo avisar: ( conjugate avisar)

    aviso es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    avisó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    avisar    
    aviso
    avisar ( conjugate avisar) verbo transitivo
    a) ( notificar):

    ◊ ¿por qué no me avisaste que venías? why didn't you let me know you were coming?;

    nos han avisado que… they've notified us that…
    b) (Esp, Méx) ( llamar) to call;



    quedas or estás avisado you've been warned
    verbo intransitivo:
    ◊ llegó sin aviso she showed up without any prior warning o unexpectedly;

    avísame cuando acabes let me know when you've finished;
    aviso a algn de algo to let sb know about sth
    aviso sustantivo masculino
    1

    ( on signs) aviso al público notice to the public;
    ◊ dio aviso a la policía he notified o informed the police;

    sin previo aviso without prior warning;
    último aviso para los pasajeros … last call for passengers …


    c) (Cin, Teatr) bell

    d) (Taur) warning

    2 (AmL) (anuncio, cartel) advertisement, ad
    avisar verbo transitivo
    1 (prevenir, advertir) to warn: ya te avisé, I told you so
    2 (comunicar) to inform: cuando te decidas, avísame, let me know when you make up your mind
    3 (llamar) to call for
    avisar a la policía, to call the police
    avisar al médico, to send for the doctor
    aviso sustantivo masculino
    1 notice
    (advertencia) warning
    (comunicado) note: no lo utilicen hasta nuevo aviso, don't use it until further notice
    nos cortaron la luz sin previo aviso, they cut our electricity off without notice
    ♦ Locuciones: sobre aviso: no me ha cogido por sorpresa, estaba sobre aviso, I wasn't surprised, I had been warned/I was expecting it
    ' aviso' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    fulminante
    - letrero
    - recado
    - recordatorio
    - toque
    - esquela
    - este
    - llegar
    - ni
    - poner
    - previo
    - señal
    English:
    advice
    - caution
    - forewarn
    - further
    - gale warning
    - if
    - notice
    - notify
    - pin up
    - prompt
    - reminder
    - should
    - warning
    - warning sign
    - advertisement
    - commercial
    - final
    - small
    * * *
    aviso nm
    1. [advertencia, amenaza] warning;
    andar sobre aviso to be on the alert;
    estar sobre aviso to be forewarned;
    ¡que te sirva de aviso! let that be a warning to you!
    aviso de bomba bomb warning
    2. [notificación] notice;
    [en teatros, aeropuertos] call;
    hasta nuevo aviso until further notice;
    último aviso para los pasajeros del vuelo IB 257 last call for passengers for flight IB 257;
    sin previo aviso without notice;
    llegó sin previo aviso he arrived without warning
    Com aviso de vencimiento due-date reminder
    3. Taurom = warning to matador not to delay the kill any longer
    4. Am [anuncio] advertisement, advert;
    no te deja pasar un aviso she doesn't let you get a word in edgeways
    aviso clasificado classified advertisement;
    aviso fúnebre death notice;
    aviso publicitario advertisement, advert
    * * *
    m
    1 ( comunicación) notice;
    hasta nuevo aviso until further notice;
    sin previo aviso without any notice o warning;
    último aviso AVIA final call;
    2 ( advertencia) warning;
    estar sobre aviso have been warned;
    poner a alguien sobre aviso give s.o. a warning, warn s.o.
    3 L.Am. ( anuncio) advertisement
    * * *
    aviso nm
    1) : notice
    2) : advertisement, ad
    3) advertencia: warning
    4)
    estar sobre aviso : to be on the alert
    * * *
    1. (advertencia) warning
    2. (anuncio) notice

    Spanish-English dictionary > aviso

  • 9 Buddle, John

    [br]
    b. 15 November 1773 Kyloe, Northumberland, England
    d. 10 October 1843 Wallsend, Northumberland, England
    [br]
    English colliery inspector, manager and agent.
    [br]
    Buddle was educated by his father, a former schoolteacher who was from 1781 the first inspector and manager of the new Wallsend colliery. When his father died in 1806, John Buddle assumed full responsibility at the Wallsend colliery, and he remained as inspector and manager there until 1819, when he was appointed as colliery agent to the third Marquis of Londonderry. In this position, besides managing colliery business, he acted as an entrepreneur, gaining political influence and organizing colliery owners into fixing prices; Buddle and Londonderry were also responsible for the building of Seaham harbour. Buddle became known as the "King of the Coal Trade", gaining influence throughout the important Northumberland and Durham coalfield.
    Buddle's principal contribution to mining technology was with regard to the improvement of both safety standards and productivity. In 1807 he introduced a steam-driven air pump which extracted air from the top of the upcast shaft. Two years later, he drew up plans which divided the coalface into compartments; this enabled nearly the whole seam to be exploited. The system of compound ventilation greatly reduced the danger of explosions: the incoming air was divided into two currents, and since each current passed through only half the underground area, the air was less heavily contaminated with gas.
    In 1813 Buddle presented an important paper on his method for mine ventilation to the Sunderland Society for Preventing Accidents in Coal-mines, which had been established in that year following a major colliery explosion. He emphasized the need for satisfactory underground lighting, which influenced the development of safety-lamps, and assisted actively in the experiments with Humphrey Davy's lamp which he was one of the first mine managers to introduce. Another mine accident, a sudden flood, prompted him to maintain a systematic record of mine-workings which ultimately resulted in the establishment of the Mining Record Office.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1838, Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumberland 11, pp. 309–36 (Buddle's paper on keeping records of underground workings).
    Further Reading
    R.L.Galloway, 1882, A History of Coalmining in Great Britain, London (deals extensively with Buddle's underground devices).
    R.W.Sturgess, 1975, Aristocrat in Business: The Third Marquis of Londonderry as
    Coalowner and Portbuilder, Durham: Durham County Local History Society (concentrates on Buddle's work after 1819).
    C.E.Hiskey, 1978, John Buddle 1773–1843, Agent and Entrepreneur in the Northeast
    Coal Trade, unpublished MLitt thesis, Durham University (a very detailed study).
    WK

    Biographical history of technology > Buddle, John

  • 10 piso

    m.
    un autobús de dos pisos a double-decker bus
    3 layer (capa).
    un sandwich de dos pisos a double-decker sandwich
    4 apartment(flat). (peninsular Spanish)
    piso franco safe house
    piso piloto show apartment o flat (British)
    pisos tutelados supported accommodation
    5 story, decker, floor, storey.
    6 apartment which occupies the whole floor.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: pisar.
    * * *
    2 (planta) floor
    ■ ¿a qué piso va? what floor do you want?
    3 (suelo) floor
    \
    piso amueblado furnished flat
    piso de alquiler rented flat
    piso franco safe house
    piso piloto show flat
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) esp LAm (=suelo) floor; (=materiales para suelo) flooring
    2) [de edificio] floor, storey, story (EEUU); [de autobús, barco] deck; [de cohete] stage; [de pastel] layer, tier

    primer piso — first floor, second floor (EEUU)

    ir en el piso de arriba — to travel on the top deck, travel upstairs

    piso bajo — ground floor, first floor (EEUU)

    3) (=apartamento) flat, apartment (EEUU)

    poner un piso a una — Esp to set a woman up in a flat

    piso de seguridad, piso franco — Esp safe house

    4) (Aut) [de neumático] tread
    5) [de zapato] sole
    6) LAm (=tapete) table runner; (=estera) mat; And, Cono Sur (=alfombra) long narrow rug
    7) (Min) set of workings; (Geol) layer, stratum
    8) Cono Sur (=taburete) stool; (=banco) bench
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( de edificio) floor, story*; ( de autobús) deck

    vivo en el primer piso — I live on the second (AmE) o (BrE) first floor

    b) (- de tarta) layer
    2) (AmL)
    a) ( suelo) floor

    serrucharle (RPl) or (Chi) aserrucharle el piso a alguien (fam) — to pull the rug out from under somebody's feet (colloq)

    b) ( de carretera) road surface
    3) (Esp) ( apartamento) apartment (esp AmE), flat (BrE)
    4) (Chi) ( taburete) stool; ( alfombrita) rug; ( felpudo) doormat
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( de edificio) floor, story*; ( de autobús) deck

    vivo en el primer piso — I live on the second (AmE) o (BrE) first floor

    b) (- de tarta) layer
    2) (AmL)
    a) ( suelo) floor

    serrucharle (RPl) or (Chi) aserrucharle el piso a alguien (fam) — to pull the rug out from under somebody's feet (colloq)

    b) ( de carretera) road surface
    3) (Esp) ( apartamento) apartment (esp AmE), flat (BrE)
    4) (Chi) ( taburete) stool; ( alfombrita) rug; ( felpudo) doormat
    * * *
    piso1
    1 = apartment, high-rise flat, condominium, flat, high-rise apartment.

    Ex: She then said 'Thanks for the offer, but I've signed a contract and made a deposit on an apartment'.

    Ex: Most of the larger cities have set up wholesale slum clearance programmes and rehousing in council housing and high-rise flats.
    Ex: Additional apartments and condominiums were quickly erected to accommodate the influx of employees in the new research park.
    Ex: This multi-functional community complex incorporates meeting rooms, sports hall, squash courts, old people's day centre, toy library, YMCA flats, a church centre and arts and crafts workshops.
    Ex: Previous research has demonstrated that frail elderly living in subsidized high-rise apartments have greater unmet needs than elderly who reside in traditional community housing.
    * bloque de pisos = block of flats, block of high-rise flats, tower block, apartment complex, apartment building, apartment block.
    * casa de pisos = tenement, apartment block, apartment building, apartment complex.
    * compañero de piso = flatmate, housemate.
    * complejo de pisos = condominium complex.
    * edificio de pisos = condominium building.
    * piso piloto = show home.

    piso2
    2 = floor, level, storey [story, -USA], story [storey, -UK].

    Ex: The library, which is of split-level design on 2 floors, includes a lending collection, children's library, study area, and audio-visual section.

    Ex: The other rooms on the third, second and first levels have a mixture of stacking chairs with writing board arms.
    Ex: The library is situated on the top two floors of a six storey building.
    Ex: The vista of main street shows in addition to the jumble and squeeze of shops, a 12- story skyscraper, several impressive banks, and a few elderly housing units.
    * aparcamiento de varios pisos = multi-storey car park.
    * autobús de dos pisos = double-decker bus.
    * con varios pisos = multi-storey [multistorey/multistory].
    * de piso llano = flat-floor.
    * en el piso de abajo = downstairs.
    * en el piso de arriba = upstairs.
    * piso de diseño abierto = open floor.
    * piso húmedo = wet floor.

    * * *
    A
    1 (planta — de un edificio) floor, story*; (— de un autobús) deck
    una casa de seis pisos a six-story building
    vivo en el primer piso I live on the second ( AmE) o ( BrE) first floor
    un autobús de dos pisos a double-decker bus
    B ( AmL)
    1 (suelo) floor
    no entres, que está el piso mojado don't go in, the floor's wet
    estar por el piso ( RPl fam); to be very down o low ( colloq), to be in the doldrums ( colloq)
    quedarse sin piso ( Col): se quedó sin piso he was completely floored o thrown
    serrucharle ( RPl) or ( Chi) aserrucharle el piso a algn ( fam) to do the dirty on sb ( colloq), to queer sb's pitch ( colloq)
    zapatos con piso de goma rubber-soled shoes
    3 (de una carretera) road surface
    C ( esp Esp) (apartamento) apartment ( esp AmE), flat ( BrE)
    Compuestos:
    ( Esp) safe house
    ( Esp) show apartment o ( BrE) flat, model apartment o ( BrE) flat
    D ( Chi)
    1 (taburete) stool
    2 (alfombrita) rug; (felpudo) doormat
    un piso de baño a bath mat
    * * *

     

    Del verbo pisar: ( conjugate pisar)

    piso es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    pisó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    pisar    
    piso
    pisar ( conjugate pisar) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) ( con el pie) ‹mina/clavo› to step on;

    ‹ charco› to step in, tread in (esp BrE);
    ◊ la pisó sin querer he accidentally stepped o (esp BrE) trod on her foot;


    ( on signs) prohibido pisar el césped keep off the grass

    2 (RPl, Ven)
    a) (Coc) to mash


    verbo intransitivo
    to tread;

    piso sustantivo masculino
    1

    ( de autobús) deck;

    un autobús de dos pisos a double-decker bus

    2 (AmL)
    a) ( suelo) floor


    3 (Esp) ( apartamento) apartment (esp AmE), flat (BrE);
    ◊ piso piloto (Esp) show apartment o (BrE) flat

    4 (Chi) ( taburete) stool;
    ( alfombrita) rug;
    ( felpudo) doormat
    pisar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 to tread on, step on: le pisé el vestido, I stepped on her dress
    prohibido pisar el césped, keep off the grass
    Auto pisar el freno/acelerador, to put one's foot on the brake/accelerator
    2 fig (ir a, estar en) to set foot in: nunca he pisado un restaurante japonés, I've never set foot in a Japanese restaurant
    3 fam (adelantarse) me pisó la idea, he pinched the idea from me
    4 (avasallar, humillar) to walk all over sb
    II verbo intransitivo to tread, step: pisa con cuidado, be careful where you step
    ♦ Locuciones: estar pisando los talones a alguien, to be hot on the heels of sb
    ir pisando fuerte, to be very self-confident
    piso sustantivo masculino
    1 flat
    piso franco, safe house
    piso piloto, show flat, US model apartment
    2 (planta) floor: vive en el tercer piso, he lives on the third floor
    un edificio de diez pisos, a ten-storey building
    un autobús de dos pisos, a double-decker bus ➣ Ver nota en storey
    En general, el inglés no diferencia entre piso y apartamento. Recuerda que en EE.UU. no se usa la palabra flat.
    ' piso' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acomodarse
    - alcanzar
    - alquilar
    - alquiler
    - apartamento
    - arrendar
    - arriba
    - barata
    - barato
    - cara
    - carga
    - caro
    - compañera
    - compañero
    - departamento
    - escritura
    - gorgotear
    - interior
    - piloto
    - pisar
    - planta
    - superior
    - trece
    - última
    - último
    - vacía
    - vacío
    - vivienda
    - bajar
    - económico
    - en
    - inferior
    - llegar
    - mono
    - mosaico
    - pasar
    - primero
    - quinto
    - tercero
    - vacante
    - zapatilla
    English:
    ambulatory
    - apartment
    - below
    - central
    - centrally
    - condo
    - condominium
    - deck
    - deposit
    - fix up
    - flat
    - flatmate
    - floor
    - have
    - live off
    - mate
    - need
    - second floor
    - storey
    - tier
    - top
    - upkeep
    - upstairs
    - bath
    - beneath
    - downstairs
    - ground
    - room
    - safe
    - story
    * * *
    piso nm
    1. Esp [apartamento] apartment, Br flat;
    pisos tutelados supported accommodation
    piso franco safe house;
    piso piloto show apartment o Br flat
    2. [planta] [de edificio] floor;
    [de autobús] deck; [de teatro] circle;
    primer piso Br first floor, US second floor;
    un autobús de dos pisos a double-decker bus
    3. [suelo] [de carretera] surface;
    [de habitación] floor; Am
    andar con el ánimo por el piso to be very down o low
    4. [capa] layer;
    un sandwich de dos pisos a double-decker sandwich
    5. [de zapato] sole
    6. Chile [taburete] stool
    * * *
    m
    1 apartment, Br
    flat
    2 ( planta) floor;
    primer piso second floor, Br first floor; en edificio con piso principal third floor, Br
    second floor;
    piso principal second floor, Br first floor;
    de tres pisos hamburguesa triple-decker atr ; tarta three-layer atr
    * * *
    piso nm
    1) planta: floor, story
    2) suelo: floor
    3) Spain : apartment
    * * *
    piso n
    ¿vives en un piso o en una casa? do you live in a house or a flat?
    2. (planta) floor
    3. (de autobús, etc) deck

    Spanish-English dictionary > piso

  • 11 technik

    f; -, -en
    1. nur Sg. (Technologie) technology; angewandte: meist engineering, applied technology; Studienfach: engineering; die moderne Technik modern ( oder today’s) technology; hoch entwickelte Technik advanced ( oder high) technology; Technik ist angewandte Wissenschaft technology is science in action ( oder at work); nach den anerkannten Regeln der Technik in accordance with the (well-known) laws of engineering; von Technik verstehe ich gar nichts I don’t know the first thing about technical matters, I’m hopeless with anything technical ( oder when it comes to technical things); Stand 2
    2. (Methode, Verfahren) technique (auch KUNST, SPORT etc.), method, procedure, routine; hoch entwickelte oder verfeinerte Techniken advanced techniques
    3. nur Sg.; SPORT, KUNST (Können) technique, technical ability, mastery; er verfügt über eine hervorragende Technik he has superb technique ( oder prodigious technical ability)
    4. nur Sg. (technische Ausrüstung) technology, technical resources Pl. ( oder equipment); eine Firma mit modernster Technik a company using state-of-the-art technology
    5. nur Sg. (technische Beschaffenheit einer Maschine etc.) mechanics Pl., operation
    6. nur Sg. (Abteilung) technical department, engineering side umg.; jemanden von der Technik rufen send for one of the technical people
    * * *
    die Technik
    technology; technics; science; technique
    * * *
    Tẹch|nik ['tɛçnɪk]
    f -, -en
    1) (no pl = Technologie) technology; (esp als Studienfach) engineering

    das Zeitalter der Technik — the technological age, the age of technology

    2) (= Arbeitsweise, Verfahren) technique

    die Technik des Dramas/der Musik — dramatic/musical techniques

    3) (no pl = Funktionsweise und Aufbau) (von Auto, Motor etc) mechanics pl
    4) (SCH = Schulfach) (= Haushaltslehre) home economics; (= Werken) technical studies
    5) (inf = technische Abteilung) technical department, back-room boys pl (inf)
    6) (Aus inf = Technische Hochschule) institute of technology
    * * *
    die
    1) (the ways in which something works or is applied: the mechanics of the legal system.) mechanic
    2) (the way in which a (usually skilled) process is, or should be, carried out: They admired the pianist's faultless technique.) technique
    * * *
    Tech·nik
    <-, -en>
    [ˈteçnɪk]
    f
    1. kein pl (Technologie) technology
    auf dem neuesten Stand der \Technik state-of-the-art technology
    2. kein pl (technische Ausstattung) technical equipment
    mit modernster \Technik ausgestattet equipped with the most modern technology
    3. kein pl (technische Konstruktion) technology
    4. (besondere Methode) technique
    jeder Hochspringer hat seine eigene \Technik every high jumper has his own technique
    5. inv (fam: technische Abteilung) technical department
    6. ÖSTERR (technische Hochschule) college of technology
    * * *
    die; Technik, Techniken
    1) o. Pl. technology; (Studienfach) engineering no art.
    2) o. Pl. (Ausrüstung) equipment; machinery
    3) (Arbeitsweise, Verfahren) technique
    4) o. Pl. (eines Gerätes) workings pl
    * * *
    …technik f im subst: meist … technology, …engineering, … technique(s pl); → Technik;
    Arbeitstechnik (Wissensbereich) industrial engineering; (Verfahren) work(-ing) technique;
    Schweißtechnik welding engineering ( oder technology);
    Sprengtechnik explosives technology;
    Verfahrenstechnik process engineering;
    Wurftechnik SPORT throwing technique
    * * *
    die; Technik, Techniken
    1) o. Pl. technology; (Studienfach) engineering no art.
    2) o. Pl. (Ausrüstung) equipment; machinery
    3) (Arbeitsweise, Verfahren) technique
    4) o. Pl. (eines Gerätes) workings pl
    * * *
    -en f.
    engineering n.
    technics n.
    technique n.
    technology n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > technik

  • 12 Mind

       It becomes, therefore, no inconsiderable part of science... to know the different operations of the mind, to separate them from each other, to class them under their proper heads, and to correct all that seeming disorder in which they lie involved when made the object of reflection and inquiry.... It cannot be doubted that the mind is endowed with several powers and faculties, that these powers are distinct from one another, and that what is really distinct to the immediate perception may be distinguished by reflection and, consequently, that there is a truth and falsehood which lie not beyond the compass of human understanding. (Hume, 1955, p. 22)
       Let us then suppose the mind to be, as we say, white Paper, void of all Characters, without any Ideas: How comes it to be furnished? Whence comes it by that vast store, which the busy and boundless Fancy of Man has painted on it, with an almost endless variety? Whence has it all the materials of Reason and Knowledge? To this I answer, in one word, from Experience. (Locke, quoted in Herrnstein & Boring, 1965, p. 584)
       The kind of logic in mythical thought is as rigorous as that of modern science, and... the difference lies, not in the quality of the intellectual process, but in the nature of things to which it is applied.... Man has always been thinking equally well; the improvement lies, not in an alleged progress of man's mind, but in the discovery of new areas to which it may apply its unchanged and unchanging powers. (Leґvi-Strauss, 1963, p. 230)
       MIND. A mysterious form of matter secreted by the brain. Its chief activity consists in the endeavor to ascertain its own nature, the futility of the attempt being due to the fact that it has nothing but itself to know itself with. (Bierce, quoted in Minsky, 1986, p. 55)
       [Philosophy] understands the foundations of knowledge and it finds these foundations in a study of man-as-knower, of the "mental processes" or the "activity of representation" which make knowledge possible. To know is to represent accurately what is outside the mind, so to understand the possibility and nature of knowledge is to understand the way in which the mind is able to construct such representation.... We owe the notion of a "theory of knowledge" based on an understanding of "mental processes" to the seventeenth century, and especially to Locke. We owe the notion of "the mind" as a separate entity in which "processes" occur to the same period, and especially to Descartes. We owe the notion of philosophy as a tribunal of pure reason, upholding or denying the claims of the rest of culture, to the eighteenth century and especially to Kant, but this Kantian notion presupposed general assent to Lockean notions of mental processes and Cartesian notions of mental substance. (Rorty, 1979, pp. 3-4)
       Under pressure from the computer, the question of mind in relation to machine is becoming a central cultural preoccupation. It is becoming for us what sex was to Victorians-threat, obsession, taboo, and fascination. (Turkle, 1984, p. 313)
       7) Understanding the Mind Remains as Resistant to Neurological as to Cognitive Analyses
       Recent years have been exciting for researchers in the brain and cognitive sciences. Both fields have flourished, each spurred on by methodological and conceptual developments, and although understanding the mechanisms of mind is an objective shared by many workers in these areas, their theories and approaches to the problem are vastly different....
       Early experimental psychologists, such as Wundt and James, were as interested in and knowledgeable about the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system as about the young science of the mind. However, the experimental study of mental processes was short-lived, being eclipsed by the rise of behaviorism early in this century. It was not until the late 1950s that the signs of a new mentalism first appeared in scattered writings of linguists, philosophers, computer enthusiasts, and psychologists.
       In this new incarnation, the science of mind had a specific mission: to challenge and replace behaviorism. In the meantime, brain science had in many ways become allied with a behaviorist approach.... While behaviorism sought to reduce the mind to statements about bodily action, brain science seeks to explain the mind in terms of physiochemical events occurring in the nervous system. These approaches contrast with contemporary cognitive science, which tries to understand the mind as it is, without any reduction, a view sometimes described as functionalism.
       The cognitive revolution is now in place. Cognition is the subject of contemporary psychology. This was achieved with little or no talk of neurons, action potentials, and neurotransmitters. Similarly, neuroscience has risen to an esteemed position among the biological sciences without much talk of cognitive processes. Do the fields need each other?... [Y]es because the problem of understanding the mind, unlike the wouldbe problem solvers, respects no disciplinary boundaries. It remains as resistant to neurological as to cognitive analyses. (LeDoux & Hirst, 1986, pp. 1-2)
       Since the Second World War scientists from different disciplines have turned to the study of the human mind. Computer scientists have tried to emulate its capacity for visual perception. Linguists have struggled with the puzzle of how children acquire language. Ethologists have sought the innate roots of social behaviour. Neurophysiologists have begun to relate the function of nerve cells to complex perceptual and motor processes. Neurologists and neuropsychologists have used the pattern of competence and incompetence of their brain-damaged patients to elucidate the normal workings of the brain. Anthropologists have examined the conceptual structure of cultural practices to advance hypotheses about the basic principles of the mind. These days one meets engineers who work on speech perception, biologists who investigate the mental representation of spatial relations, and physicists who want to understand consciousness. And, of course, psychologists continue to study perception, memory, thought and action.
    ... [W]orkers in many disciplines have converged on a number of central problems and explanatory ideas. They have realized that no single approach is likely to unravel the workings of the mind: it will not give up its secrets to psychology alone; nor is any other isolated discipline-artificial intelligence, linguistics, anthropology, neurophysiology, philosophy-going to have any greater success. (Johnson-Laird, 1988, p. 7)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Mind

  • 13 Roebuck, John

    SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology
    [br]
    b. 1718 Sheffield, England
    d. 17 July 1794
    [br]
    English chemist and manufacturer, inventor of the lead-chamber process for sulphuric acid.
    [br]
    The son of a prosperous Sheffield manufacturer, Roebuck forsook the family business to pursue studies in medicine at Edinburgh University. There he met Dr Joseph Black (1727–99), celebrated Professor of Chemistry, who aroused in Roebuck a lasting interest in chemistry. Roebuck continued his studies at Leyden, where he took his medical degree in 1742. He set up in practice in Birmingham, but in his spare time he continued chemical experiments that might help local industries.
    Among his early achievements was his new method of refining gold and silver. Success led to the setting up of a large laboratory and a reputation as a chemical consultant. It was at this time that Roebuck devised an improved way of making sulphuric acid. This vital substance was then made by burning sulphur and nitre (potassium nitrate) over water in a glass globe. The scale of the process was limited by the fragility of the glass. Roebuck substituted "lead chambers", or vessels consisting of sheets of lead, a metal both cheap and resistant to acids, set in wooden frames. After the first plant was set up in 1746, productivity rose and the price of sulphuric acid fell sharply. Success encouraged Roebuck to establish a second, larger plant at Prestonpans, near Edinburgh. He preferred to rely on secrecy rather than patents to preserve his monopoly, but a departing employee took the secret with him and the process spread rapidly in England and on the European continent. It remained the standard process until it was superseded by the contact process towards the end of the nineteenth century. Roebuck next turned his attention to ironmaking and finally selected a site on the Carron river, near Falkirk in Scotland, where the raw materials and water power and transport lay close at hand. The Carron ironworks began producing iron in 1760 and became one of the great names in the history of ironmaking. Roebuck was an early proponent of the smelting of iron with coke, pioneered by Abraham Darby at Coalbrookdale. To supply the stronger blast required, Roebuck consulted John Smeaton, who c. 1760 installed the first blowing cylinders of any size.
    All had so far gone well for Roebuck, but he now leased coal-mines and salt-works from the Duke of Hamilton's lands at Borrowstonness in Linlithgow. The coal workings were plagued with flooding which the existing Newcomen engines were unable to overcome. Through his friendship with Joseph Black, patron of James Watt, Roebuck persuaded Watt to join him to apply his improved steam-engine to the flooded mine. He took over Black's loan to Watt of £1,200, helped him to obtain the first steam-engine patent of 1769 and took a two-thirds interest in the project. However, the new engine was not yet equal to the task and the debts mounted. To satisfy his creditors, Roebuck had to dispose of his capital in his various ventures. One creditor was Matthew Boulton, who accepted Roebuck's two-thirds share in Watt's steam-engine, rather than claim payment from his depleted estate, thus initiating a famous partnership. Roebuck was retained to manage Borrowstonness and allowed an annuity for his continued support until his death in 1794.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Memoir of John Roebuck in J.Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. 4 (1798), pp. 65–87.
    S.Gregory, 1987, "John Roebuck, 18th century entrepreneur", Chem. Engr. 443:28–31.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Roebuck, John

  • 14 tripa

    f.
    1 stomach (vientre).
    me duele la tripa I've got a stomachache
    echar las tripas (informal) to throw up, to puke
    ¿qué tripa se te ha roto? (informal) what's up with you, then?, what's bugging you?
    2 gut, belly (informal) (barriga). (peninsular Spanish)
    está echando tripa he's getting a pot belly o a bit of a gut
    3 intestine, bowels, gut.
    4 catgut.
    * * *
    1 (intestino) gut, intestine
    2 (barriga) gut, stomach
    3 (de vasija) belly
    3 (documentos) dossier sing
    \
    echar tripa / tener tripa familiar to get a paunch / have a paunch
    hacer de tripas corazón figurado to pluck up courage
    revolver las tripas figurado to turn one's stomach
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    1)
    a) tb tripas femenino plural ( intestino) intestine, gut; ( vísceras) (fam) innards (pl) (colloq)

    echar las tripas — (fam) ( esforzarse) to work one's butt off (AmE colloq), to bust a gut (BrE sl); ( vomitar) to throw up (colloq)

    b) ( material) gut
    2) (Esp fam) ( barriga) belly (colloq)

    tener/echar tripa — to have/get a bit of a paunch o (colloq) belly

    * * *
    = tummy, gut.
    Ex. Ladies bemoan their fat tummies, wobbly thighs, bulging hips and flabby thighs.
    Ex. Did you also know that the gut has more nerve endings than the head does?.
    ----
    * hacer de tripas corazón = bite + the bullet.
    * tripa para embutidos = sausage casing.
    * tripa para salchichas = sausage casing.
    * tripas = insides, gubbings.
    * * *
    1)
    a) tb tripas femenino plural ( intestino) intestine, gut; ( vísceras) (fam) innards (pl) (colloq)

    echar las tripas — (fam) ( esforzarse) to work one's butt off (AmE colloq), to bust a gut (BrE sl); ( vomitar) to throw up (colloq)

    b) ( material) gut
    2) (Esp fam) ( barriga) belly (colloq)

    tener/echar tripa — to have/get a bit of a paunch o (colloq) belly

    * * *
    = tummy, gut.

    Ex: Ladies bemoan their fat tummies, wobbly thighs, bulging hips and flabby thighs.

    Ex: Did you also know that the gut has more nerve endings than the head does?.
    * hacer de tripas corazón = bite + the bullet.
    * tripa para embutidos = sausage casing.
    * tripa para salchichas = sausage casing.
    * tripas = insides, gubbings.

    * * *
    A tb tripas fpl
    1 (intestino) intestine, gut; (vísceras) ( fam) innards (pl) ( colloq), insides (pl) ( colloq)
    quitarle las escamas y las tripas remove the scales and gut it
    me duelen las tripas I have a stomach o ( colloq) tummy ache
    a mí se me revuelven las tripas sólo de verlo just looking at it turns my stomach o makes my stomach turn
    echar las tripas ( fam) (esforzarse) to work one's butt off ( AmE colloq), to bust a gut ( BrE sl) (vomitar) to throw up ( colloq), to puke (sl)
    hacer de tripas corazón to pluck up courage
    hice de tripas corazón y me lo comí I took a deep breath and ate it, I plucked up courage and ate it
    tener tripas para algo ( fam): hay que tener tripas para ser cirujano you need a strong stomach to be a surgeon
    yo no tengo tripas para hacer ese trabajo I don't have the stomach to do that job
    B ( Esp fam) (barriga) tummy ( colloq), belly ( colloq)
    tiene tripa he's got a bit of a paunch o ( colloq) belly
    echar tripa to get fat, to get a paunch o a pot o a belly ( colloq)
    está de cuatro meses pero aún no se le nota la tripa she's four months pregnant but she's not showing yet ( colloq)
    a media tripa ( Chi fam); hungry
    me quedé a media tripa I still felt hungry
    C ( Méx) (tubo) tube
    una tripa flexible a flexible tube
    * * *

    tripa sustantivo femenino
    1
    a) tb

    ◊ tripas sustantivo femenino plural ( intestino) intestine, gut;


    ( vísceras) (fam) innards (pl) (colloq);


    2 (Esp fam) ( barriga) belly (colloq)
    tripa sustantivo femenino
    1 Anat gut, intestine
    fam (barriga) tummy: me duele la tripa, I've got tummy ache
    tiene mucha tripa, he has a big paunch
    2 fam fpl tripas, innards, guts
    ♦ Locuciones: hacer de tripas corazón, to pluck up courage
    su actitud me revuelve las tripas, his attitude makes me sick
    ¿qué tripa se le habrá roto ahora?, what's the matter with him now?
    ' tripa' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    embutir
    English:
    belly
    - bellyache
    - gut
    - skin
    * * *
    tripa nf
    1. Esp Fam [barriga] gut, belly;
    está echando tripa he's getting a potbelly o a bit of a gut;
    tiene mucha tripa he's got a huge gut o belly on him
    2. [de embarazada] bump, bulge
    3. [vientre] stomach;
    me duele la tripa I've got a stomachache;
    dolor de tripa stomachache
    4.
    tripas [intestino] gut, intestine;
    te suenan las tripas your stomach's rumbling;
    Fam
    echar las tripas to throw up, to puke;
    Fam
    revolverle las tripas a alguien to turn sb's stomach;
    Fam
    hacer de tripas corazón to pluck up one's courage;
    Fam
    ¿qué tripa se te ha roto? what's up with you, then?, what's bugging you?
    5. Fam
    tripas [interior] insides;
    quiero ver las tripas de la máquina I want to see the workings of the machine
    * * *
    f fam
    belly fam, gut fam ;
    hacer de tripas corazón fig pluck up courage;
    ¿qué tripa se te ha roto? fam what’s so urgent?;
    se me revuelven las tripas my stomach turns
    * * *
    tripa nf
    1) intestino: gut, intestine
    2) tripas nfpl fam: belly, tummy, insides pl
    dolerle a uno las tripas: to have a stomach ache
    * * *
    2. (estómago) stomach / tummy [pl. tummies]
    3. (barriga) belly [pl. bellies]
    no está gordo, pero sí tiene tripa he's not fat, but he has got a belly

    Spanish-English dictionary > tripa

  • 15 piquer

    I.
    v. trans.
    1. To 'jab', to inject. (The verb is only really encountered with this meaning when it refers to the 'putting to sleep' of a pet dog or cat. Elle a dû faire piquer son chien: She had to have her dog put down.)
    2. To stab, to knife.
    3. To 'cop', to catch (a disease). Il a piqué une chtouille maison! He caught a right dose of clap!
    4. Piquer une sale note (sch.): To get a rotten mark. (In schools and colleges, the verb piquer with reference to an assessment can sometimes have a positive connotation as with piquer un quinze sur vingt: To get a first-class mark.)
      a To 'skedaddle', to 'make tracks', to run away.
      b (fig.): To be off and away when something unpleasant has occurred.
    6. En piquer un: To 'have a kip', to 'take some shuteye', to steal a few minutes for a snooze (also: piquer un roupillon).
    7. To 'nick', to 'pinch', to steal. Elle m'a piqué tout mon fric. She filched all my dough.
    8. To 'nab', to 'collar', to arrest. A ce train-là, on va se faire piquer par les cognes! If we keep this up, the fuzz'll do us!
    9. Piquer le dix (Prison slang): To pace up and down a cell like a bear in a cage.
    II.
      a To 'get the hang of something', to understand the workings of something.
      b To get 'hooked' on, to have a compulsive liking for something.
    III.
    v. trans. reflex.
    1. (Drugs): To 'mainline', to inject intravenously.
    2. Se piquer le nez: To 'get pickled', to get drunk. (The expression reflects the habitual nature of the act whereby the subject is well on the road to dipsomania.)

    Dictionary of Modern Colloquial French > piquer

  • 16 Artificial Intelligence

       In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)
       Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)
       Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....
       When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)
       4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually
       Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)
       What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)
       The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)
       9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form
       The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)
       There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:
        Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."
        Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)
       Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)
       Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)
       The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)
        14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation
       It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)
       We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.
       Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.
       Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.
    ... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)
       Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)
        16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts
       Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)
       Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System
       Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence
       The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.
       The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)
       The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....
       AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)
        21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions
       In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)
       Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)
       Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)
       The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence

  • 17 Memory

       To what extent can we lump together what goes on when you try to recall: (1) your name; (2) how you kick a football; and (3) the present location of your car keys? If we use introspective evidence as a guide, the first seems an immediate automatic response. The second may require constructive internal replay prior to our being able to produce a verbal description. The third... quite likely involves complex operational responses under the control of some general strategy system. Is any unitary search process, with a single set of characteristics and inputoutput relations, likely to cover all these cases? (Reitman, 1970, p. 485)
       [Semantic memory] Is a mental thesaurus, organized knowledge a person possesses about words and other verbal symbols, their meanings and referents, about relations among them, and about rules, formulas, and algorithms for the manipulation of these symbols, concepts, and relations. Semantic memory does not register perceptible properties of inputs, but rather cognitive referents of input signals. (Tulving, 1972, p. 386)
       The mnemonic code, far from being fixed and unchangeable, is structured and restructured along with general development. Such a restructuring of the code takes place in close dependence on the schemes of intelligence. The clearest indication of this is the observation of different types of memory organisation in accordance with the age level of a child so that a longer interval of retention without any new presentation, far from causing a deterioration of memory, may actually improve it. (Piaget & Inhelder, 1973, p. 36)
       4) The Logic of Some Memory Theorization Is of Dubious Worth in the History of Psychology
       If a cue was effective in memory retrieval, then one could infer it was encoded; if a cue was not effective, then it was not encoded. The logic of this theorization is "heads I win, tails you lose" and is of dubious worth in the history of psychology. We might ask how long scientists will puzzle over questions with no answers. (Solso, 1974, p. 28)
       We have iconic, echoic, active, working, acoustic, articulatory, primary, secondary, episodic, semantic, short-term, intermediate-term, and longterm memories, and these memories contain tags, traces, images, attributes, markers, concepts, cognitive maps, natural-language mediators, kernel sentences, relational rules, nodes, associations, propositions, higher-order memory units, and features. (Eysenck, 1977, p. 4)
       The problem with the memory metaphor is that storage and retrieval of traces only deals [ sic] with old, previously articulated information. Memory traces can perhaps provide a basis for dealing with the "sameness" of the present experience with previous experiences, but the memory metaphor has no mechanisms for dealing with novel information. (Bransford, McCarrell, Franks & Nitsch, 1977, p. 434)
       7) The Results of a Hundred Years of the Psychological Study of Memory Are Somewhat Discouraging
       The results of a hundred years of the psychological study of memory are somewhat discouraging. We have established firm empirical generalisations, but most of them are so obvious that every ten-year-old knows them anyway. We have made discoveries, but they are only marginally about memory; in many cases we don't know what to do with them, and wear them out with endless experimental variations. We have an intellectually impressive group of theories, but history offers little confidence that they will provide any meaningful insight into natural behavior. (Neisser, 1978, pp. 12-13)
       A schema, then is a data structure for representing the generic concepts stored in memory. There are schemata representing our knowledge about all concepts; those underlying objects, situations, events, sequences of events, actions and sequences of actions. A schema contains, as part of its specification, the network of interrelations that is believed to normally hold among the constituents of the concept in question. A schema theory embodies a prototype theory of meaning. That is, inasmuch as a schema underlying a concept stored in memory corresponds to the mean ing of that concept, meanings are encoded in terms of the typical or normal situations or events that instantiate that concept. (Rumelhart, 1980, p. 34)
       Memory appears to be constrained by a structure, a "syntax," perhaps at quite a low level, but it is free to be variable, deviant, even erratic at a higher level....
       Like the information system of language, memory can be explained in part by the abstract rules which underlie it, but only in part. The rules provide a basic competence, but they do not fully determine performance. (Campbell, 1982, pp. 228, 229)
       When people think about the mind, they often liken it to a physical space, with memories and ideas as objects contained within that space. Thus, we speak of ideas being in the dark corners or dim recesses of our minds, and of holding ideas in mind. Ideas may be in the front or back of our minds, or they may be difficult to grasp. With respect to the processes involved in memory, we talk about storing memories, of searching or looking for lost memories, and sometimes of finding them. An examination of common parlance, therefore, suggests that there is general adherence to what might be called the spatial metaphor. The basic assumptions of this metaphor are that memories are treated as objects stored in specific locations within the mind, and the retrieval process involves a search through the mind in order to find specific memories....
       However, while the spatial metaphor has shown extraordinary longevity, there have been some interesting changes over time in the precise form of analogy used. In particular, technological advances have influenced theoretical conceptualisations.... The original Greek analogies were based on wax tablets and aviaries; these were superseded by analogies involving switchboards, gramophones, tape recorders, libraries, conveyor belts, and underground maps. Most recently, the workings of human memory have been compared to computer functioning... and it has been suggested that the various memory stores found in computers have their counterparts in the human memory system. (Eysenck, 1984, pp. 79-80)
       Primary memory [as proposed by William James] relates to information that remains in consciousness after it has been perceived, and thus forms part of the psychological present, whereas secondary memory contains information about events that have left consciousness, and are therefore part of the psychological past. (Eysenck, 1984, p. 86)
       Once psychologists began to study long-term memory per se, they realized it may be divided into two main categories.... Semantic memories have to do with our general knowledge about the working of the world. We know what cars do, what stoves do, what the laws of gravity are, and so on. Episodic memories are largely events that took place at a time and place in our personal history. Remembering specific events about our own actions, about our family, and about our individual past falls into this category. With amnesia or in aging, what dims... is our personal episodic memories, save for those that are especially dear or painful to us. Our knowledge of how the world works remains pretty much intact. (Gazzaniga, 1988, p. 42)
       The nature of memory... provides a natural starting point for an analysis of thinking. Memory is the repository of many of the beliefs and representations that enter into thinking, and the retrievability of these representations can limit the quality of our thought. (Smith, 1990, p. 1)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Memory

См. также в других словарях:

  • First Vision — The First Vision (also called the grove experience) is a religious belief held by many members of the Latter Day Saint movement (commonly called Mormonism) that God the Father and Jesus Christ appeared to the fourteen year old Joseph Smith, Jr.… …   Wikipedia

  • First day on the Somme — Infobox Military Conflict conflict=First day on the Somme partof=the Battle of the Somme (First World War) caption=The Tyneside Irish Brigade advancing on the La Boisselle sector. date=1 July, 1916 place=Somme, Picardy, France result=Indecisive… …   Wikipedia

  • José Martí and the First International American Conference — Martí and the 1889 1890 Conference= There was one unofficial chronicler of the First International American Conference (Washington, United States, 1890) who was not only a brilliant writer, but also an astute political observer: the poet, hero… …   Wikipedia

  • Physics First — is an educational program that teaches a basic physics course in the ninth grade (usually 15 year olds), rather than the biology course which is more standard in public schools. This course relies on the limited math skills that the students have …   Wikipedia

  • Kanaka Bar First Nation — is a First Nations government located at Kanaka Bar, British Columbia, Canada, between the towns of Boston Bar and Lytton in the Fraser Canyon region. It is a member of the Fraser Canyon Indian Administration, one of three tribal councils of the… …   Wikipedia

  • The First Lady (TV series) — The First Lady is a British television series produced by the BBC between 1968 and 1969.The series starred Thora Hird as crusading local councillor Sarah Danby and was set around the fictional borough of Furness in Lancashire. Capitalising on the …   Wikipedia

  • Talyllyn Railway — Heritage Railway name = Talyllyn Railway Rheilffordd Talyllyn caption = Locomotive No. 4 Edward Thomas stands at Tywyn Wharf station – April 2005 locale = flagicon|WAL Mid Wales terminus = stnlnk|Tywyn Wharf latitude = 52.583 longitude = 4.087… …   Wikipedia

  • виробки розрізні — выработки разрезные opening workings, first workings *Aufschlussort 1) Виробки, з яких починаються роботи виймання та вилучення розкриву або видобутку корисної копалини у нових кар єрах або на нових горизонтах діючих кар єрів. 2) Підземні виробки …   Гірничий енциклопедичний словник

  • Tender (rail) — Sierra Railway #3 Tender …   Wikipedia

  • Military history of France during World War II — History of France …   Wikipedia

  • economic systems — Introduction       the way in which humankind has arranged for its material provisioning. One would think that there would be a great variety of such systems, corresponding to the many cultural arrangements that have characterized human society.… …   Universalium

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Прямая ссылка:
… Нажмите правой клавишей мыши и выберите «Копировать ссылку»